Capitalism, Sociological Perspective, And The Rationalization Theory - 1650 Words

Capitalism, Sociological Perspective, And The Rationalization Theory (Coursework Sample) Content: SOCIOLOGY Student’s Name Course Professor’s Name University City (State) Date  Question 1 From a sociological perspective, rationalization involves the substitution of institutions that rely on emotions, values, and traditions with structures founded on reason. Max Weber is one of the theorists associated with this ideology. He asserts that in the modern society, rationalization embeds the principles of dehumanization, calculability, efficiency, and predictability. In this context, dehumanization is the use of technology to control individuals’ behaviors. At the same time, calculability and predictability involve numerical data and the urge to understand the future respectively. Efficiency is another primary pillar of rationalization in the modern society. It focuses on maximizing the desired outcomes with minimal input (Mitzman 2017). There are four forms of rationality: theoretical, substantive, practical, and formal. Theoretical rationality entails comprehending the society via abstract ide ologies, while practical rationality is the systematic process employed to determine the most efficient and concrete approach of obtaining the desired results. In contrast, substantive rationality emphasizes the need to utilize one’s collective values to make tangible decisions on the apt means to a pleasant outcome. This concept is dissimilar to formal rationality, which involves using universal rules and values to make effective choices (Mitzman 2017). The latter form of rationality is common in most social settings. In his discussion on â€Å"sociology of knowledge†, Weber indicates that rationalization resulted from technological advancements and scientific studies in the developed nations. Using reason to determine the acceptability of certain behaviors suppressed the influence of traditions on the society and prompted new practices. People’s habits were no longer founded on their customs and values but rather on practicability (Whistmer & Lash 2014). In addition to facilitating the establishment of bureaucracies, rationalization was crucial in the advancement of capitalism. In an attempt to expound on the concept of rationalization within the context of modernization and globalization, Weber compares it to an â€Å"iron cage† that progressively dominates all the major segments of a society. He discusses this ideology in The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. In this text, the theorist presents compelling details on how the work ethics and notion embedded in Protestantism fostered capitalism. Even after the reduction of this religious force in the social setting, capitalism as well as the related social structures and bureaucratic principles remained intact (Parsons & Weber 2010). Subsequently, bureaucracy and the integrated beliefs influenced social life. Indeed, Weber compares this phenomenon to an iron cage. He states, â€Å"In Baxter’s view the care for external goods should only lie on the shou lders of the ‘saint like a light cloak, which can be thrown aside at any moment’. But fate decreed that the cloak should become an iron cage† (Parsons & Weber 2010, p. 181). Weber uses this phrase to assert that the economic and technological connections that resulted from capitalism developed into powerful societal forces. Accordingly, individuals who live in such a community have no choice but to embrace the philosophies encompassed in the social structure. These norms include the hierarchical system and division of labor. These components influence individuals’ social lives so much that one cannot imagine an alternative setting (Douglass 2018). With reference to the iron cage metaphor coined by Weber, such people live in a social prison that requires them to execute the socioeconomic ideologies associated with capitalism. Notably, various sociologists concur with Weber’s theory of an iron cage. The reason is that the relation of this notion to t he techno-rational ideas and practices associated with capitalism are still relevant in the modern society. Climate change is one of the global issues that highlight the impact of the iron cage as a product of capitalism. Most of the practices that result in environmental degradation are driven by financial gains. These economic forces influence the behaviors, values, and norms promoted in a society. Subsequently, the masses normalize detrimental acts such as deforestation and carbon emissions. For the involved parties to deal with these ecological threats efficiently, sociologists indicate that it is important to suppress the iron cage forces that have been influencing the socioeconomic, political, and technological structures in the modern community (Beck 2000). Besides, it will be helpful to use Weber’s ideology of the iron cage to convince the public that the embedded social structure largely benefits the elites while pushing them further into poverty. Weber also notes that bureaucracy is one of the primary establishments in the modern and developed society. Indeed, such organizations are proof of the efficiency of formal rationality in shaping the societal ideologies. For example, rationality facilitates the development of a bureaucratic structure that promotes the hierarchical system. In such a setting, some individuals occupy influential positions that allow them to control the society’s mores and practices (Douglass 2018). Furthermore, career is a crucial component of bureaucracy. The integrated professionals expect to acquire salaried occupations. At the same time, the organization needs to promote the absorbed specialists. The promotion process focuses on one’s technical qualifications and not on friendship. In line with the claims made by this philosopher, bureaucracies are capable of suppressing human freedom (Mitzman 2017). Although he acknowledges the predictability and efficiency of such organizations, he is of the opinion that they may immensely control the society’s values, practices, and norms.  References Beck, U 2000. ‘The world horizon opens up: On the sociology of globalization,’ in What is globalization, Cambridge: Polity. Douglass, R 2018. The iron cage revisited: Max Weber in the neoliberal era, New York: Routledge. Mitzman, A 2017. The iron cage: a historical interpretation of Max Weber, Oxon: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. Parsons, T & Weber, M 2010. The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism, Lexington: CreateSpace. Whistmer, S & Lash, S 2014. Max Weber, rationality, and modernity, Hoboken: Routledge, Taylor and Francis.  Question 2 Hegemony focuses on how a social group dominates another by using legitimate ideas and norms. Antonio Gramsci introduced the notion of cultural hegemony to describe how the ruling class maintains their socioeconomic power over various societal institutions by using effective philosophies instead of coercion (Gramsci 1971). This approach enables them to influence the expectations, norms, ideals, behaviors, and perceptions of their subjects. The efficiency of this theory requires obtaining the masses’ consent to obey the formal laws and social norms. It entails presenting the ideologies of the elites, as well as the related economic and social structures, as valid entities meant to benefit the entire community. However, in some instances, such rules and standards are only beneficial to the affluent individuals (Willis 1977). Unlike leaders who use autocracy to govern their communities, rulers who embrace the philosophy of hegemony maintain their power by using ideologies that appeal to the civilians. Gramsci’s theory originates from Karl Marx’s notion that the principles that define a particular society reflect the interests and beliefs of the elites. Law, religion, family, education, politics, and media are some of the primary structures used by the ruling class to persuade the masses to concur with their perceptions, assumptions, and values (Brown & Land 2005). This approach is based on the fact that these institutions play a crucial role in warming up the public to the ideas, norms, and beliefs of the society’s dominant group. Accordingly, controlling the structures and systems that preserve the social order is an efficient strategy used by the elites to govern the community (Laclau & Mouffe 2014). For example, the ruling class has used language as a component of education that enables them to control the civilians’ norms. In the modern society, most African countries have embraced English and other languages used in the developed world as the acceptable mode of communication in formal settings. The manifestation of cultural hegemony reaches an optimal level when the civilians believe that the social and economic systems promoted by the ruling class are natural and unavoidable as opposed to viewing them as structures formulated to fulfill the personal interests of the society’s influ...

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How to Use the 5 Relative Pronouns in Adjective Clauses

An adjective clause  (also called a relative clause) is a group of words that works like an adjective to modify a noun  or noun phrase.  Here well focus on the five relative pronouns that are used in adjective clauses. An adjective clause usually begins with a relative pronoun: a word that relates the information in the adjective clause to a word or a phrase in the main clause. Who, Which, and That Adjective clauses most often begin with one of these three relative pronouns: whowhichthat All three pronouns refer to a noun, but who refers only to people and which refers only to things. That may refer to either people or things. Here are a few examples, with the adjective clauses in italics and the relative pronouns in bold. Everyone turned and looked at Toya, who was still standing  behind the counter.Charlies old coffee machine, which hadnt worked in years, suddenly started to gurgle and splutter.The ticking sound was coming from the little box that was sitting on the windowsill. In the first example, the relative pronoun who refers to the proper noun Toya. In sentence two, which refers to the noun phrase Charlies old coffee machine. And in the third sentence, that refers to the little box. In each of the examples, the relative pronoun functions as the subject of the adjective clause. Sometimes we can omit the relative pronoun from an adjective clause--as long as the sentence still makes sense without it. Compare these two sentences: The poem that  Nina chose was We Real Cool by Gwendolyn Brooks.The poem Ø Nina chose was We Real Cool by Gwendolyn Brooks. Both sentences are correct, though the second version may be considered just a little less formal than the first one. In the second sentence, the gap left by the omitted pronoun (identified by the symbol Ø)  is called a  zero relative pronoun. Whose and Whom Two other relative pronouns used to introduce adjective clauses are whose (the possessive form of who) and whom (the object form of who). Whose begins an adjective clause that describes something that belongs to or is a part of someone or something mentioned in the main clause: The ostrich, whose wings are useless for flight, can run faster than the swiftest horse. Whom stands for the noun that receives the action of the verb in the adjective clause: Anne Sullivan was the teacher whom Helen Keller met in 1887. Notice that in this sentence Helen Keller is the subject of the adjective clause, and whom is the direct object. Put another way, who is equivalent to the subject pronouns he, she, or they in a main clause; whom is equivalent to the object pronouns him, her, or them in a main clause.

The Vietnam War Of Vietnam - 1534 Words

The Vietnam War began November 1st, 1955 and ended April 30th, 1975. It was a long costly war that involved North Vietnam and their Southern allies, known as Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its main ally the United States. This war was very unpopular at home and would end with the withdrawal of the United States and the unification of Vietnam under communist control. Many think of war as something that just men are involved in but very rarely do people think of the role of women in the war. â€Å"Like many of the men going over to Vietnam to serve their country, young women from all over the nation volunteered to serve as nurses in the hospitals and medical facilities in South Vietnam. These women volunteered for a variety of reasons: to serve their country, to help the service men who were wounded, to receive training and an education, to further their military careers, to prove themselves or just to have an adventure† (Texas Tech University). There is not much evidence about the female Vietnam war veterans. Although this is true the Vietnam Women’s Memorial Foundation states that approximately 11,000 military women were stationed in Vietnam during the conflict. Many of these women served as nurse sin the war but they also worked as physicians, clerks, intelligence officers, air traffic controllers etc. There were not only women involved in the armed forces but rather other women served in Vietnam as part of organizations such as Red Cross, United ServiceShow MoreRelatedThe Vietnam War On Vietnam1725 Words   |  7 PagesThe War on Vietnam Many believe that the way Americans entered the war against the North Vietnam communists was unjust. The United States got into a war that they had no clue on how to win. â€Å"The Vietnam War was a long, costly armed conflict that pitted the communist regime of North Vietnam and its southern allies, known as the Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. The divisive war, increasingly unpopular at home, ended with the withdrawal of U.S. forces in 1973Read MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam920 Words   |  4 Pages1940’s Vietnam was trying to break free of French reign over their country. During this time period Vietnam was split into two parts, north and south. The Japanese had decided to take over Vietnam in 1942. They couldn’t capture all of Vietnam, so they decided to retreat. North Vietnam proclaimed independence on September 2, 1945 as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The State of Vietnam declared independence on June 14, 1949, b ut remained under French rule until August 1, 1954. South Vietnam was theRead MoreThe Vietnam War : Vietnam1170 Words   |  5 PagesBeyond Vietnam. The Vietnam War is one of the most traumatic episodes in the history of the United States. Not only because it ended with a defeat for the United States Army, but because unleashed the largest wave of protests in the country, in which the government lost support. 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That statistic shows how rough the Vietnam War was. The fighting was constant between the two sides. This war was fought over politics and had many gruesome battles. Before the Vietnam war, Vietnam was in a revolution because they did not want to be ruled by France. Vietnam wanted to be independent right after World War II ended in 1945. JapanRead MoreThe War Of Vietnam And The Vietnam War1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe war in Vietnam is The United States and other capitalist bloc countries supported South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) against the support by the Soviet Union and other socialist bloc countries of North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and the Vietcong of war. Which occurred during the Cold War of Vietnam (main battlefield), Laos, and Cambodia. This is the biggest and longtime war in American history during the 1960s (Best 2008). It is also the most significant war after World War IIRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam1573 Words   |  7 PagesA. The Vietnam War occurred from 1955-1975, this included the North and South fighting over government structure of the newly independent state of Vietnam, having recently become indep endent from France. However, the USA was in Vietnam as a sort of protection for the South Vietnamese people, who had a weaker army force, but only a few thousand Americans were in Vietnam for that purpose at the time. On August 7, 1964, the USA entered the war for the purpose of fighting the North Vietnamese due toRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam2003 Words   |  9 PagesThe Vietnam War in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia lasted from November 1st, 1955 to around April 30th, 1975. The war was split up between two sides, North Vietnam, who were allied with the Soviet Union, China, and most of the communist countries during this time period, and South Vietnam, who were allied with the United States and many countries that were against the belief of Communism. Although the United States did not necessarily have to get involved in the war, they believed that they had too soRead MoreVietnam And The Vietnam War1987 Words   |  8 PagesIn 1945, at the end of WWII, Vietnam started their war for independence against their colonial rulers, France. Nine years after the start of the First Indochina War, the French were defeated at Dien Bien Phu which led to a peace conference in Geneva. At the conference, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam received their independence from France. However, Vietnam was divided between a Communist North and a Democratic South. In 1958, Communist- supported guerrillas in South Vietnam, known as the Viet Cong, beganRead MoreVietnam And The Vietnam War848 Words   |  4 Pageseverything. The Vietnam War changed a lot of people all around the world. The Vietnam War was between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The Vietnam War was a very bloody and violent war. The war was a long and costly-armed conflict. This war changed Vietnam and its citizens forever. During the Vietnam War, North Vietnam and South Vietnam both had received help from other countries. South Vietnam worked with the United States, South Korea, Thailand, Australia, and New Zealand. North Vietnam worked with

Ethics, Moral Problems, And Judgements Of Proper Conduct

Jacob Taylor Professor Kimberly O’Brien PSYC 1101 29 October 2014 Ethics In Psychology In Psychology, ethics is defined as â€Å"a branch of philosophy that deals with thinking about morality, moral problems, and judgements of proper conduct† (Frankena 1973), and is among the most important concepts to have a strong understanding of as a researcher. Though easy to overlook, the consequences of an experiment that does not consider moral implications can be severe not only for the participants and researchers, but for the validity of the experiment as a whole. As such, psychologists must conform to a set of ethical standards in order to both maintain validity between experiments and to minimize undue harm to every individual involved. If an individual does not understand what is expected of them as well as the potential risks of an experiment before participating, many psychologists consider it an ethical violation. The widespread use of informed consent was adopted to mitigate this as much as possible by outlining the purpose, procedures, ri sks, and time commitment of the research to potential participants before the experiment is started. This verifies that all participants are educated beforehand and that they are still willing to take part. However, it may occasionally not be appropriate to obtain informed consent from participants â€Å"as long as what happens to the participants is something that could easily happen to them in everyday life† (McLeod 2007). It is important forShow MoreRelatedThe Moral Value Of Moral Values1001 Words   |  5 PagesThe claim that moral values cannot be derived from facts is grounded in the idea that facts are descriptive and informative, whereas value propositions are prescriptive and imply that we ought to carry out certain action or act in a particular way. In essence, while facts give us information about the world itself, values tell us how we should act. It is accepted that facts are cognitive and are therefore know to be true or false. However, non-cognitivists support the idea that moral truths cannotRead MoreCode Of Conduct For Law Enforcement Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesEthics in Criminal Justice Assignment 1 Sydney E Vaughn CRJU 1400 Ethics and Cultural Perspectives in Criminal Justice Professor Stephen N. Knights Jr October 22, 2016 Contents Introduction 2 Police Ethics 2 Corruption 3 Police Corruption 3 Police Discretion in Ethics 4 Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement 4 Types of Police Corruption 4 Ethics in the Courtroom 5 Prosecuting Attorneys 5 Defense Attorneys 5 Ethics in Police Training 6 Closing 6 Introduction Ethics by definition states thatRead MoreThe Rights Of A New Community1725 Words   |  7 Pagestheory From the proper rights ethical theory the particular proper rights established with a contemporary society are usually protected along with offered the best concern. Protection under the law are usually accepted as ethically accurate along with legitimate considering that a substantial or even lording it over populace gives all of them. Folks may also give proper rights upon others as long as they have the opportunity along with means to accomplish this. An important problem in this theoryRead MoreDoes The Ends Justify The Means?1597 Words   |  7 Pagespositive and negative application outcomes. This should allow readers to gain a better understanding of why the doctrine of does the ends justify the means can become clouded and how the decision being made should have a basis of one’s ethics and moral judgement. The Doctrine: Does the Ends Justify the Means? The question: Does the Ends Justify the Means? is brought to discussion in the text by Riemer, Simon, Romance (2014) with regards to Niccolo Machiavelli s political strategy of the lionRead MoreEthics, Morality, And Morality2531 Words   |  11 PagesEthics and morality may initially seem to be interchangeable words used to describe a code of conduct that society should follow in order to make informed decisions. However, they are in fact two separate entities that exist as individual codes of conduct, yet share a symbiotic relationship in decision making. Ethics can be described as the rules of behavior and demeanor as established by society, a certain sociological group of people, or a religion. Consequently, due to the nature of ethics, theyRead MoreHow I Learned to be the Person I am Today Essay811 Words   |  4 Pagesare two core values of mine that will be tremendous assets in a future business career. I was born and raised in Minnesota by two loving parents who valued truth and honesty. They always told me that it is better to be honest and deal with your problems than to lie and avoid conflict. I learned what they meant by this when at the age of 16. There was a weekend concert that I wanted to attend hours away from home. Knowing that they would never let me go, I lied to my parents and told them thatRead MoreOn The Acquisition And Nature Of Morality1662 Words   |  7 Pagesinstill morals Michael Cravey mc44996 6008619005919804 Freshman first semester The University of Texas at Austin In an article titled Conceptual and Informational Features in Moral Decision Making, Cecilia Wainryb and Elliot Turiel discuss how we are presented with the problem of how best to educate morally with the answer potentially lying in teaching methods that take morality attainment processes into account. 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Different Mediums Use in Paintings, Architecture, Sculpture Essay Example For Students

Different Mediums Use in Paintings, Architecture, Sculpture Essay The soft pastels are the most widely used: it has a higher portion of segments and less binder _ The hard pastel has a higher portion of binder and less pigment. The pastel pencils are pencils with pastel leads. Fresco paintings can often be seen on walls and ceilings. The word fresco came from the Italian word fresco (fresh). There are three types of fresco, the Boon fresco, which consist Of painting pigments mixed With water on a thin layer Of plaster. Cosec, which done in dry plaster. The pigment requires a binding medium such as egg (tempura, glue or Oil to attach pigments). The Mezzo-fresco. In this type, the pigment should only penetrate slightly on the plaster. Gouache, derived from Italian kazoo, water pan, splash or body color. This medium is also dilute in water. It differs from water color considering that its particles are larger, the ratio of pigment to water is much bigger and white pigment such as chalk is present on it. Oil, oil is a type of slow drying paint. It consists of particular pigments suspended in a drying oil This kind of medium does not dry quickly. It blends into the surroundings and allow the blending of color. It produces vivid colors with a natural sheen and distinct context. It provides a surface translucency animal to human skin making it an ideal for portrait painting. Tempura, another medium is the Tempura. It is a permanent taste drying painting medium consisting of colored pigment mixed with water soluble binder. Tempura paints dries rapidly and it allows for great precision. When dry it produces smooth matte finish, Tempura painting has been found on early Egyptian sarcophagi decorating many of the Fumy mummy portraits sometimes in combination with enigmatic Water Color, in water color the pigments are suspended in a water soluble vehicle. The art of water color extremely began in the cave paintings of he Paleolithic Europe, used in the manuscript illumination by the Egyptians and continuous to flourish in the renaissance. Water color paint consist of four principal ingredients; Colorado (commonly pigment), binder, the substance that holds the pigment in suspension and fixes the pigment to the painting surface, additives, substance that alter the viscosity, hiding durability or color Of the pigment and vehicle mixture, lastly, the solvent, the substance use to thin or dilute the paint for application and that evaporates when the paint hardens or dry. Another medium is the Water Miscible Oil Paint; this is a modern variety of IL paint. One of its features is that it can be thinned and cleaned up with water. The water solubility comes from the use of oil medium in which one end of the molecule has been altered to bind loosely to water molecules. Different Mediums of Sculpture Sculpting is among the oldest art forms and has been the method of crafting ritual objects, utilitarian ones and Objects designed to be nothing more than pleasing to the eye. Traditional sculpture mediums include wood; quarried rocks such as marble; rough-hewn Stone; ivory; metals such as bronze, gold, silver and amalgams; glass, and such clays as terracotta and porcelain. In contemporary applications, paper, plastic, fabric and Other Objects have found their places in sculpture. Mediums of Architecture Wood-ls the common building material today, Its advantages are its abundance, relative durability and high tensile and compression strength.

Heroism Essay Research Paper HeroismThe word free essay sample

Heroism Essay, Research Paper Heroism The word hero has different specific significances to different people, but there is a basic definition that most people would likely hold on. A hero is person that works for the benefit of others and non personal addition. This working for the benefit of others is by and large done in some kind of a ambitious manner. If there is no challenge involved the individual may be really good liked, but he isn t making anything truly astonishing. Atticus Finch, of To Kill a Mockingbird, was an highly epic character. The chief epic thing he did was taking on the instance of Tom Robinson. Tom was a black adult male in a topographic point and period of overmastering bias against inkinesss. Since a white individual accused this black adult male of colza, the odds were wholly against him. It was about pointless to even keep the test because of the inevitable result. We will write a custom essay sample on Heroism Essay Research Paper HeroismThe word or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Despite holding this cognition and the cognition that people wouldn t approve of his actions, Atticus did what he knew was the right and honorable thing to make. Throughout the ordeal Atticus was called legion names and even threatened, but he was ever remained a gentleman while lodging to his belief that everyone deserves a just test. Atticus is a hero to anyone that believes in standing up for what s carnival. Another type of hero is besides a character in To Kill a Mockingbird, his name is Arthur ( Boo ) Radley. Boo is a entire hermit and a town myth. He is a supposed loony perso N or some kind of monster. Boo finds his opportunity to be a hero when Bob Ewell attacks Scout and Jem. Given the fact that Boo is evidently diffident to the point of complete societal backdown, his actions can be noted as heroic. Boo stabbed the kids s aggressor and carried an unconscious Jem place to safety. Boo ventured out into a universe he knew thought him to be a monster, to salvage the kids he cared for. He put his personal well being on the line to guarantee the safety of a twosome of kids he barely knew. Black Elk, the chief character, from Across the Big Water, is yet another illustration of a hero. He left his place and his people to travel on a journey with white work forces, the work forces that were doing his people so much agony. Black Elk hoped that he would be able to detect some of the white work forces s secrets, and therefore be able to assist his people. Unfortunately he was non able to detect any secrets, or assist his people. However, the mere fact that he was willing to travel to such an extreme to do a difference in so many people s lives qualifies him to be titled a hero. There are infinite heroes in the universe. Some may be celebrated, but many can be found in our mundane lives. Anyone can go a hero when they are faced with a challenge that involves assisting others. The universe would be such a better topographic point if more people would move in a epic mode. Peoples should get down recognizing that we all have the possible to be compassionate, even when the state of affairs is proving.